Thyle

A thyle (OE ''þyle'', ON ''þulr'') was a member of the court associated with Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon royalty and chieftains in the Early Middle Ages, whose precise role is uncertain but probably had to do with the preservation of knowledge of the past and the judging of present statements against it.

Most literary references are found in Icelandic and Old English literature like the ''Hávamál'', where the term ''Fimbulþulr'', "the great thyle", presumably refers to Odin himself, and ''Beowulf''. In ''Gautreks saga'', Starkad is referred to as a þulr after he sacrifices a king. The word also appears on the runic inscription of the Snoldelev Stone. Frederiksberg's original name was ''Tulehøj'' ("Thyle Hill").

The Old English term is glossed as Latin ''histrio'' "orator" and ''curra'' "jester"; ''þylcræft'' means "elocution". ''Zoëga's Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic'' defines ''þulr'' as "wise-man, sage," cognate to Old Norse ''þula'' (verb) "to speak" and ''þula'' (noun) "list in poetic form". The Rundata project translates ''þulr'' as "reciter". From this it appears that the office of thyle was connected to the keeping and reproducing of orally transmitted lore like the ''Rígsþula'', "Lay of Rígr".

Unferð holds the role of thyle in the poem ''Beowulf''; it has been suggested that he was also the ''scop'' who is mentioned reciting poetry at the feast. It might be seen as a legitimate function of a guardian of the knowledge of the past to challenge boasts, judging them against the heroic past. This may have played a role in preserving the luck of the group. Alternatively the thyle's role, including Unferth's, has also been envisaged as part of the ''comitatus'' (war-band), channeling rage into concerted action.

Some modern scholars view the role of the thyle as being usurped by monks after Christianization, and being reduced to the modern caricature of the jester (hence the Latin gloss of ''curra''). Provided by Wikipedia